Is there a way to listen for events such as EntityDamageByEntity event that are found in Spigot using a BungeeCord plugin? I looked at the list of BungeeCord events here but I didn't see any events that could be the equivalents of those events.
I think you misunderstood how bungeecord works. It only redirects packets and handles some like chat, kick or channel packets. It is not intended to do any game based logic, only outer stuff. Thats why you will never find EntityEvents in bungee